Syria: the making and unmaking of a refuge state

Introduction

1. Forced migration and refuge in late Ottoman Syria

2. The Circassians, Chechnyans, and other Caucasian forced migrants reimagining a homeland

3. The Armenians and other Christians seek refuge in greater Syria

4. The Kurds seeking freedom of ethnic identity expression

5. Palestinians return to their 'motherland'

6. The making of a cosmopolitan quarter: Sha'laan in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries

7. Iraqis and second-wave Assyrians as temporary guests

8. The unmaking of a state as Syrians flee.