List of Tables and Figures
The Anomaly of the Police
Sociology and Criminology
The Trials and Tribulations of Police Authority
2. Three Eras of Policing
Reform and Early Professionalization
3. Policing in the Wild West
The Concept of the Frontier
Lewis and Clark, and Beyond
Growing Populations, Army Intervention, and Territorial Policing
Frontier Towns, Instability, and Lawlessness
The Case of Wichita, Kansas
4. Integrity Testing and the Decision to Arrest
Examples of Integrity Tests
Ethics of Integrity Testing
5. Post 9-11 Policing: A Functional Analysis
An Overview of Findings and Recommendations
Community Policing and Beyond
A Look at the New Paradigm of Policing: The Post 9-11 Model
Institutionalism versus Functionalism
Introducing Parsons' AGIL Schema
Cybernetics and the Criminal Justice System
The Post 9-11 Model in Relation to Police Functions
Implementing Post 9-11 Policing
Conclusion: Where Do We Go from Here?
6. Elements of Police Discretion
Factors in the Production of Discretion
Increased Discretion with Role Diversity
Decision Points in Police Discretion
Eleven Working Rules for Police
Can or Should Discretion Be Controlled?
7. The Concept of Proactivity: From Indirect Conation to Modern Municipal Policing
Preliminaries: The Beginnings of Proactivity
True Beginnings: Lester F. Ward and Conation
Ogburn and the Project of Social Prediction
Proactivity in the 1950s and 1960s: Small Group and Communications Research
Proactivity and Public Health
Proactive Policing: A Beginning
Negative and Positive Police Proactivity
8. Police as Contact Men and Women
The Horizons of Patrol Work
The Emergence of Professional Policing in America
Boundary-Spanning Structures and Activities in the Police Organization
Hirsch's Idea of the Contact Man
The Contact Man within Modern Police Organizations
Police as Contact Persons within the Community
9. Security and Private Policing
Economics and Privatization
10. Police and Society: A Summary of Principles
